He subsequently investigated the reduction in urinary glucose excretion in pancreatectomized dogs with promising results. Zuelzer started his studies with pancreatic extracts by investigating the antagonism between the adrenal medulla and endocrine pancreas in rabbits, and estimating the potency of the pancreatic extract based on the amount of extract able to neutralize hyperglycemia secondary to administration of one unit of epinephrine (1907). Glycosuria only disappeared in the last case, a 59-year-old female, but the researchers themselves finally attributed such disappearance to a better compliance with diet. From 1902 to 1904, these Scottish researchers administered extracts from these islets to a group of five diabetic patients, by the oral route in some cases and by the hypodermic route in others. 3 Rennie and Fraser, researchers at the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, investigated the effects of islets of Langerhans from Lophius piscatorius and other teleost fishes, which are unique in that their islets are located separately from the pancreas. Pioneering work conducted between 18 in the treatment of experimental diabetes by administering pancreatic extracts or subcutaneous implants of pancreatic tissue to pancreatectomized dogs had met with negative results, with some exceptions.
Years later, Charles Herbert Best, a collaborator of Macleod and Banting, would also claim the discovery. 2 This decision prompted claims by the German Georg Ludwig Zuelzer, the Americans Ernest Lyman Scott and John Raymond Murlin, and the Romanian Nicolae Constantin Paulescu. Banting was nominated by GW Crile (Cleveland), FG Benedict (Boston), and August Krogh Macleod was proposed by GN Stuart (Cleveland), and also by August Krogh. On October 25, 1923, the 19 professors of the Karolinska Institutet decided by secret vote to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine to Frederick Grant Banting and John James Richard Macleod, of the Department of Physiology, Toronto University, for the discovery of insulin, reported in 1922. By the middle of the 20th century, patients with onset of diabetes mellitus (DM) at 10 years of age had prolonged their life expectation by 34 additional years, while the life expectations of patients diagnosed at 30 and 50 years of age had increased by 26 and 8 years, respectively. The introduction of insulin into the treatment of diabetes mellitus had a clinical and social impact similar to that of the introduction of antibiotic therapy.
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